# CipherPad, full reference

> CipherPad is a free, browser-based hub of cipher and code translators with reference charts and a cipher identifier, built by FusionStudios in the Netherlands.

Last updated: 2026-08-02. Generated from the site's own cipher maps.
Licensed CC BY 4.0. Attribution: CipherPad (https://cipherpad.dev).

Accuracy note: none of these schemes is secure. The encodings below (Morse, binary, braille,
NATO, A1Z26) are public and keyless and conceal nothing. Base64 is an encoding, not encryption.
The ciphers are historical and broken. For real protection, use modern cryptography.

## Reference tables

### International Morse code

| Character | Morse |
| --- | --- |
| 0 | ----- |
| 1 | .---- |
| 2 | ..--- |
| 3 | ...-- |
| 4 | ....- |
| 5 | ..... |
| 6 | -.... |
| 7 | --... |
| 8 | ---.. |
| 9 | ----. |
| A | .- |
| B | -... |
| C | -.-. |
| D | -.. |
| E | . |
| F | ..-. |
| G | --. |
| H | .... |
| I | .. |
| J | .--- |
| K | -.- |
| L | .-.. |
| M | -- |
| N | -. |
| O | --- |
| P | .--. |
| Q | --.- |
| R | .-. |
| S | ... |
| T | - |
| U | ..- |
| V | ...- |
| W | .-- |
| X | -..- |
| Y | -.-- |
| Z | --.. |
| . | .-.-.- |
| , | --..-- |
| ? | ..--.. |
| ' | .----. |
| ! | -.-.-- |
| / | -..-. |
| ( | -.--. |
| ) | -.--.- |
| & | .-... |
| : | ---... |
| ; | -.-.-. |
| = | -...- |
| + | .-.-. |
| - | -....- |
| _ | ..--.- |
| " | .-..-. |
| $ | ...-..- |
| @ | .--.-. |

### Grade 1 braille (Unicode)

| Letter | Cell |
| --- | --- |
| A | ⠁ |
| B | ⠃ |
| C | ⠉ |
| D | ⠙ |
| E | ⠑ |
| F | ⠋ |
| G | ⠛ |
| H | ⠓ |
| I | ⠊ |
| J | ⠚ |
| K | ⠅ |
| L | ⠇ |
| M | ⠍ |
| N | ⠝ |
| O | ⠕ |
| P | ⠏ |
| Q | ⠟ |
| R | ⠗ |
| S | ⠎ |
| T | ⠞ |
| U | ⠥ |
| V | ⠧ |
| W | ⠺ |
| X | ⠭ |
| Y | ⠽ |
| Z | ⠵ |
|   |   |

### Braille digits (after the number sign)

| Digit | Cell |
| --- | --- |
| 0 | ⠚ |
| 1 | ⠁ |
| 2 | ⠃ |
| 3 | ⠉ |
| 4 | ⠙ |
| 5 | ⠑ |
| 6 | ⠋ |
| 7 | ⠛ |
| 8 | ⠓ |
| 9 | ⠊ |

### NATO phonetic alphabet

| Character | Code word |
| --- | --- |
| 0 | Zero |
| 1 | One |
| 2 | Two |
| 3 | Three |
| 4 | Four |
| 5 | Five |
| 6 | Six |
| 7 | Seven |
| 8 | Eight |
| 9 | Nine |
| A | Alfa |
| B | Bravo |
| C | Charlie |
| D | Delta |
| E | Echo |
| F | Foxtrot |
| G | Golf |
| H | Hotel |
| I | India |
| J | Juliett |
| K | Kilo |
| L | Lima |
| M | Mike |
| N | November |
| O | Oscar |
| P | Papa |
| Q | Quebec |
| R | Romeo |
| S | Sierra |
| T | Tango |
| U | Uniform |
| V | Victor |
| W | Whiskey |
| X | Xray |
| Y | Yankee |
| Z | Zulu |

### 8-bit ASCII binary (uppercase)

| Letter | Binary |
| --- | --- |
| A | 01000001 |
| B | 01000010 |
| C | 01000011 |
| D | 01000100 |
| E | 01000101 |
| F | 01000110 |
| G | 01000111 |
| H | 01001000 |
| I | 01001001 |
| J | 01001010 |
| K | 01001011 |
| L | 01001100 |
| M | 01001101 |
| N | 01001110 |
| O | 01001111 |
| P | 01010000 |
| Q | 01010001 |
| R | 01010010 |
| S | 01010011 |
| T | 01010100 |
| U | 01010101 |
| V | 01010110 |
| W | 01010111 |
| X | 01011000 |
| Y | 01011001 |
| Z | 01011010 |

### A1Z26

| Letter | Number |
| --- | --- |
| A | 1 |
| B | 2 |
| C | 3 |
| D | 4 |
| E | 5 |
| F | 6 |
| G | 7 |
| H | 8 |
| I | 9 |
| J | 10 |
| K | 11 |
| L | 12 |
| M | 13 |
| N | 14 |
| O | 15 |
| P | 16 |
| Q | 17 |
| R | 18 |
| S | 19 |
| T | 20 |
| U | 21 |
| V | 22 |
| W | 23 |
| X | 24 |
| Y | 25 |
| Z | 26 |

### Polybius square (5x5, I and J share a cell)

| Letter | Row and column |
| --- | --- |
| A | 11 |
| B | 12 |
| C | 13 |
| D | 14 |
| E | 15 |
| F | 21 |
| G | 22 |
| H | 23 |
| I | 24 |
| K | 25 |
| L | 31 |
| M | 32 |
| N | 33 |
| O | 34 |
| P | 35 |
| Q | 41 |
| R | 42 |
| S | 43 |
| T | 44 |
| U | 45 |
| V | 51 |
| W | 52 |
| X | 53 |
| Y | 54 |
| Z | 55 |

### Bacon cipher (26-letter variant)

| Letter | Code |
| --- | --- |
| A | AAAAA |
| B | AAAAB |
| C | AAABA |
| D | AAABB |
| E | AABAA |
| F | AABAB |
| G | AABBA |
| H | AABBB |
| I | ABAAA |
| J | ABAAB |
| K | ABABA |
| L | ABABB |
| M | ABBAA |
| N | ABBAB |
| O | ABBBA |
| P | ABBBB |
| Q | BAAAA |
| R | BAAAB |
| S | BAABA |
| T | BAABB |
| U | BABAA |
| V | BABAB |
| W | BABBA |
| X | BABBB |
| Y | BBAAA |
| Z | BBAAB |

### Leetspeak substitutions

| Letter | Substitute |
| --- | --- |
| A | 4 |
| B | 8 |
| E | 3 |
| G | 6 |
| I | 1 |
| L | 1 |
| O | 0 |
| S | 5 |
| T | 7 |
| Z | 2 |

### Morse timing in milliseconds

Derived from the standard definition of speed: the word PARIS is 50 dot units, so one dot unit
at w words per minute is 1200/w milliseconds. Everything else follows arithmetically.

| Words per minute | Dot | Dash | Gap between characters | Gap between words |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 5 | 240.0 ms | 720.0 ms | 720.0 ms | 1680.0 ms |
| 10 | 120.0 ms | 360.0 ms | 360.0 ms | 840.0 ms |
| 12 | 100.0 ms | 300.0 ms | 300.0 ms | 700.0 ms |
| 15 | 80.0 ms | 240.0 ms | 240.0 ms | 560.0 ms |
| 20 | 60.0 ms | 180.0 ms | 180.0 ms | 420.0 ms |
| 25 | 48.0 ms | 144.0 ms | 144.0 ms | 336.0 ms |
| 30 | 40.0 ms | 120.0 ms | 120.0 ms | 280.0 ms |

## How to recognise each cipher

| Cipher | Characters | Giveaway |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Morse code | . - / and spaces | Only two symbols plus separators. Nothing else looks like this. |
| Braille | U+2800 to U+28FF | Its own Unicode block of raised-dot patterns. |
| Binary | 0 and 1 | Total bit count divides by 8 (or 7 for older ASCII). |
| Base64 | A-Z a-z 0-9 + / = | Length divides by 4 and it often ends in one or two = signs. |
| Bacon cipher | A and B only | Letter count divides exactly by 5. |
| A1Z26 | Numbers with separators | Every number lands between 1 and 26. |
| Polybius / tap code | Digits 1 to 5 | Even count of digits, none above 5: they pair as grid coordinates. |
| NATO phonetic | Whole words | Words are Alfa, Bravo, Charlie and the rest of the code word list. |
| Pig Latin | Ordinary letters | Most words end in ay, way or yay. |
| Leetspeak | Letters with digits mixed in | Digits 4, 3, 1, 0, 7 sit inside words in place of letters. |
| Caesar cipher | Letters | Index of coincidence near 0.067, and one of the 25 shifts reads as English. |
| ROT13 | Letters | Same as Caesar, but the shift that works is exactly 13. |
| Atbash | Letters | Index of coincidence near English, but no Caesar shift works: a fixed substitution. |
| Vigenere | Letters | Index of coincidence near 0.038. Repeated sequences reveal the key length. |
| Playfair | Letters, no J | Flat frequencies, even length, and the letter J never appears. |
| Rail fence | Letters | Exactly English letter frequencies, but unreadable: the letters were reordered, not replaced. |

## Every translator

### Morse Code

URL: https://cipherpad.dev/translate/morse
Type: encoding, no key, conceals nothing. Key space: None.

Translate text to Morse code and back, with audio playback.

This is an encoding, not encryption. It rewrites text into another public alphabet without any key, so anyone who recognises it can read it straight back. It conceals nothing and offers no protection whatsoever. Morse is a public signalling standard, published by the ITU precisely so that everyone can read it.

### Binary Code

URL: https://cipherpad.dev/translate/binary
Type: encoding, no key, conceals nothing. Key space: None.

Convert text to binary and binary back to text (8-bit ASCII).

This is an encoding, not encryption. It rewrites text into another public alphabet without any key, so anyone who recognises it can read it straight back. It conceals nothing and offers no protection whatsoever. Binary is simply how the computer already stores the text.

### Text to Binary

URL: https://cipherpad.dev/translate/text-to-binary
Type: encoding, no key, conceals nothing. Key space: None.

Turn any text into 8-bit binary numbers.

This is an encoding, not encryption. It rewrites text into another public alphabet without any key, so anyone who recognises it can read it straight back. It conceals nothing and offers no protection whatsoever. Binary is simply how the computer already stores the text.

### Binary to Text

URL: https://cipherpad.dev/translate/binary-to-text
Type: encoding, no key, conceals nothing. Key space: None.

Decode 8-bit binary back into readable text.

This is an encoding, not encryption. It rewrites text into another public alphabet without any key, so anyone who recognises it can read it straight back. It conceals nothing and offers no protection whatsoever. Binary is simply how the computer already stores the text.

### Braille

URL: https://cipherpad.dev/translate/braille
Type: encoding, no key, conceals nothing. Key space: None.

Translate text into Grade 1 braille and back.

This is an encoding, not encryption. It rewrites text into another public alphabet without any key, so anyone who recognises it can read it straight back. It conceals nothing and offers no protection whatsoever. Braille is a reading and writing system, designed to be read, not to hide anything.

### Caesar Cipher

URL: https://cipherpad.dev/translate/caesar
Type: keyed cipher, historically broken. Key space: 25 keys.

Encode and decode with a Caesar shift you control.

This is a historical cipher, not protection. It has a key, but it falls to standard cryptanalysis in well under a second on any modern computer. Use it for puzzles, teaching and games, never to protect anything that matters. The Caesar cipher has only 25 possible keys, so every one of them can be tried at once. This page does exactly that.

### ROT13

URL: https://cipherpad.dev/translate/rot13
Type: keyless cipher, puzzle use only. Key space: None (fixed shift of 13).

Apply the self-inverse ROT13 letter rotation.

This is a puzzle cipher, not protection. It has no key, so recognising the scheme is the same as breaking it. Use it for puzzles, teaching and games, never to protect anything that matters. ROT13 is a Caesar cipher with the shift fixed at 13, and it was never intended as protection: it is a convention for hiding spoilers, not secrets.

### Atbash Cipher

URL: https://cipherpad.dev/translate/atbash
Type: keyless cipher, puzzle use only. Key space: None (fixed mirror).

Mirror the alphabet with the ancient Atbash cipher.

This is a puzzle cipher, not protection. It has no key, so recognising the scheme is the same as breaking it. Use it for puzzles, teaching and games, never to protect anything that matters. Atbash always reverses the alphabet the same way, so there is nothing to guess.

### Vigenere Cipher

URL: https://cipherpad.dev/translate/vigenere
Type: keyed cipher, historically broken. Key space: 26^n for a key of n letters, but recoverable from ciphertext alone.

Encrypt and decrypt with a keyword-driven Vigenere cipher.

This is a historical cipher, not protection. It has a key, but it falls to standard cryptanalysis in well under a second on any modern computer. Use it for puzzles, teaching and games, never to protect anything that matters. The Vigenere cipher was broken in the 19th century by Babbage and Kasiski, and the key can usually be recovered from the ciphertext alone. This page shows that analysis step by step.

### Pig Latin

URL: https://cipherpad.dev/translate/pig-latin
Type: encoding, no key, conceals nothing. Key space: None.

Translate English into Pig Latin and back.

This is an encoding, not encryption. It rewrites text into another public alphabet without any key, so anyone who recognises it can read it straight back. It conceals nothing and offers no protection whatsoever. Pig Latin is a word game, and it is meant to be understood out loud.

### Leetspeak (1337)

URL: https://cipherpad.dev/translate/leetspeak
Type: encoding, no key, conceals nothing. Key space: None.

Convert text to leetspeak (1337) and back.

This is an encoding, not encryption. It rewrites text into another public alphabet without any key, so anyone who recognises it can read it straight back. It conceals nothing and offers no protection whatsoever. Leetspeak is a style of writing, not a cipher.

### A1Z26

URL: https://cipherpad.dev/translate/a1z26
Type: encoding, no key, conceals nothing. Key space: None.

Turn letters into their alphabet position numbers.

This is an encoding, not encryption. It rewrites text into another public alphabet without any key, so anyone who recognises it can read it straight back. It conceals nothing and offers no protection whatsoever. A1Z26 just numbers the alphabet in order.

### Tap Code

URL: https://cipherpad.dev/translate/tap-code
Type: keyless cipher, puzzle use only. Key space: None (fixed 5x5 grid).

Encode the Polybius-square tap code used by prisoners.

This is a puzzle cipher, not protection. It has no key, so recognising the scheme is the same as breaking it. Use it for puzzles, teaching and games, never to protect anything that matters. Tap code uses one fixed 5x5 grid. It was built to be tapped through a prison wall by people who both already knew the grid, not to withstand analysis.

### NATO Phonetic Alphabet

URL: https://cipherpad.dev/translate/nato-phonetic
Type: encoding, no key, conceals nothing. Key space: None.

Spell any word with Alfa, Bravo, Charlie.

This is an encoding, not encryption. It rewrites text into another public alphabet without any key, so anyone who recognises it can read it straight back. It conceals nothing and offers no protection whatsoever. The NATO phonetic alphabet exists to make letters clearer over radio, which is the opposite of concealment.

### Base64 Text

URL: https://cipherpad.dev/translate/base64
Type: encoding, no key, conceals nothing. Key space: None.

Turn readable text into Base64 and back, for fun and learning.

This is an encoding, not encryption. It rewrites text into another public alphabet without any key, so anyone who recognises it can read it straight back. It conceals nothing and offers no protection whatsoever. Base64 exists to move binary data safely through text-only systems such as email. Treating it as encryption is a well known and serious security mistake.

### Pigpen Cipher

URL: https://cipherpad.dev/translate/pigpen
Type: keyless cipher, puzzle use only. Key space: None (fixed symbol set).

Write with the Freemason pigpen symbol cipher.

This is a puzzle cipher, not protection. It has no key, so recognising the scheme is the same as breaking it. Use it for puzzles, teaching and games, never to protect anything that matters. Pigpen swaps letters for a fixed set of published symbols, so anyone with the chart can read it.

### Playfair Cipher

URL: https://cipherpad.dev/translate/playfair
Type: keyed cipher, historically broken. Key space: 25! grid arrangements, far fewer in practice from real keywords.

Encrypt letter pairs with a 5x5 keyword grid, the classic WWI field cipher.

This is a historical cipher, not protection. It has a key, but it falls to standard cryptanalysis in well under a second on any modern computer. Use it for puzzles, teaching and games, never to protect anything that matters. Playfair falls to digraph frequency analysis given a few hundred characters.

### Rail Fence Cipher

URL: https://cipherpad.dev/translate/rail-fence
Type: keyed cipher, historically broken. Key space: One key per rail count, typically under 30.

Scramble text in a zigzag across rails, a simple transposition cipher.

This is a historical cipher, not protection. It has a key, but it falls to standard cryptanalysis in well under a second on any modern computer. Use it for puzzles, teaching and games, never to protect anything that matters. The only key is the number of rails, and there are rarely more than a few dozen sensible values to try.

### Bacon Cipher

URL: https://cipherpad.dev/translate/bacon-cipher
Type: keyless cipher, puzzle use only. Key space: None (fixed biliteral code).

Hide letters as five-symbol A/B sequences, the Baconian biliteral cipher.

This is a puzzle cipher, not protection. It has no key, so recognising the scheme is the same as breaking it. Use it for puzzles, teaching and games, never to protect anything that matters. Bacon's cipher is a fixed five-bit code. Its real trick was steganographic, hiding the A and B pattern inside two typefaces, which this text-only tool does not attempt.

### Affine Cipher

URL: https://cipherpad.dev/translate/affine-cipher
Type: keyed cipher, historically broken. Key space: 312 keys.

Combine multiplication and a shift into one keyed substitution cipher.

This is a historical cipher, not protection. It has a key, but it falls to standard cryptanalysis in well under a second on any modern computer. Use it for puzzles, teaching and games, never to protect anything that matters. The affine cipher has 12 valid values of a and 26 of b, giving 312 keys in total, which is trivially few.

### Polybius Square

URL: https://cipherpad.dev/translate/polybius-square
Type: keyless cipher, puzzle use only. Key space: None (fixed 5x5 grid).

Turn letters into row and column coordinates on a 5x5 grid.

This is a puzzle cipher, not protection. It has no key, so recognising the scheme is the same as breaking it. Use it for puzzles, teaching and games, never to protect anything that matters. The standard Polybius square is a fixed grid, so the coordinates give the letters away immediately.